Polycystic Kidney Disease (Multiple Kidney Cysts)

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Polycystic Kidney Disease Definition

Polycystic kidney disease (PKD) is a condition marked by the formation of cysts in the kidney. In some cases, the sac-like cysts can also be seen in the pancreas, liver, and spleen. It is one of the most common genetic disorders, running in the families and a common cause of kidney failure in adults. This progressive disease shows symptoms usually in adulthood but children and newborns may also have cysts. However, it is important to note that polycystic kidney disease (PKD) is a multisystem illness meaning that it can affect many other organs in the body and not just the kidneys.


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Reflux Laryngitis (Voice Box Larynx Acid Irritation)

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What is reflux laryngitis?

Reflux laryngitis is irritation and inflammation of the larynx due to stomach acid. It is a consequence of GERD (gastroesophageal reflux disease) where the acidic stomach contents spill into the esophagus (food pipe) and rise as high up as the throat. Initially it may cause some irritation of the larynx but over time, the recurrent exposure to acid can significantly damage the vocal cords and other structures in the larynx. GERD is a common condition but not every case will involve the larynx and throat – a condition known as laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR). If GERD is well managed, it is unlikely that laryngeal and pharyngeal (throat) complications will ever arise.


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Neurosarcoidosis (Sarcoidosis of the Brain and Nerves)

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Neurosarcoidosis Definition

Sarcoidosis is a condition where the inflammatory cells of the body are active and grouping together as if is there is an infection despite the absence of any microbe. It is essentially a condition where the inflammatory response, that is intended to protect the body from injury, is active throughout the system for no apparent reason. When this condition affects the tissue of the nervous system – the brain, spinal cord and nerves – then it is known as neurosarcoidosis. Lesions known as granulomas form in the brain and nerves.


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Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis

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What is spontaneous bacterial peritonitis?

Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis is a bacterial infection of the peritoneum, the lining of the abdominal cavity, and the fluid within it known as the peritoneal fluid. Peritonitis is a condition that occurs with injury or infection of the the abdominal organs. However, spontaneous bacterial peritonitis arises on it is own without preceding injury or infection. It is more likely to occur in conditions and diseases where there is greater fluid accumulation within the cavity but the mechanism by which bacteria are able to enter and contaminate this fluid is still unclear.


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Renal Vein Thrombosis (Blood Clot in Kidney Vein)

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What is renal vein thrombosis?

Renal vein thrombosis is a blood clot that forms inside the blood vessel that empties blood out of the kidney. Unlike blockage of the artery that brings oxygen-rich blood to the kidney, a renal vein thrombosis is unlikely to cause permanent damage to the kidney or death of any portion of the tissue. However, it does impair kidney function that has a host of consequences. The greater danger is when the clot breaks away from the renal vein and reaches the lung where it causes an obstruction of the blood vessels (pulmonary embolism). Renal vein thrombosis usually does not present with any specific symptoms and may be found incidentally or should be investigated as a possibility with certain conditions that are known to cause it.

 
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